¿Alguna vez te has puesto a pensar que va detrás del precio de un producto que consumimos todos los días? hay mucho que va detrás de estos precios. Entre algunas cosas, hay empresas que exportan productos, generalmente materia prima a precios muy por debajo de la competencia del país local. Esto es conocido como “dumping”. También es conocida la frase anti dumping, que aquí te explicaremos de qué se trata.
Según la OMC, el dumping es la exportación de productos a un precio inferior de su valor “normal”. Esto es definido en relación a los precios en que estos se venden en el mercado interno, o en los de terceros países, o al costo de producción. Además dicen que en el más sencillo de los casos, este se determina comparando los precios de los dos mercados.
Los tres objetivos principales del dumping:
- competir de una manera más eficaz en el mercado.
- monopolizar un mercado.
- defender mercados amenazados.
A largo plazo, los efectos del dumping pueden ser devastadores para el país afectado. Este puede desalentar inversiones, al tener producto foráneo con precios mucho más competitivos que los locales.
Relacionado: los cinco productos que más exporta México.
Para atacar estas prácticas desleales en el mercado internacional, se crearon varios estatutos internacionales, siendo el más importante el GATT, por sus siglas en inglés.
Los estatutos del anti dumping se establecieron primero con la creación del Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles Aduaneros y Comercio (GATT), de 1994. Este acuerdo autoriza a países miembros a aplicar aranceles para contrarrestar dumping cuando afecta a alguna industria de países miembros.
Las características principales de este acuerdo son las siguientes:
- Normas a las restricciones cuantitativas, derechos y formalidades a la importación y la valoración en aduana.
- Los productos importados no estarán sujetos a impuestos superiores a los ya vendidos en territorio nacional, ni recibirán un trato menos favorable que el dispensado a los productos nacionales.
- El artículo IV establece la imposición de un derecho antidumping a las importaciones de un país en los casos en que el dumping cause daños, o retrasos a una rama de producción nacional.
En conclusión, el dumping es una práctica que puede dañar economías economías enteras de un país, destruyendo industrias locales enteras. Para esto existen las leyes internacionales que ayudan a las economías locales.
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